BEYOND INDIVIDUAL COMPOUNDS

Mechanism landscape

Explore mechanism groupings and the evidence behind each agent. Expand a class to inspect its therapies.

Mechanism classes24Groups with multiple agents

Agents represented159Unique agents linked in these groups

Trauma drugs333Full resolved trauma-drug denominator

Mechanism coveragePartialNot every agent is grouped

Hormone / steroid (non-glucocorticoid)

17beta-estradiol

No trauma translation

Acetazolamide

No trauma translation

Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)

No trauma translation

Human immunoglobulin G (hIgG)

No trauma translation

Leptin

No trauma translation

Metandienone (anabolic-androgenic steroid), given with voluntary running wheel exercise

Failed

Oxandrolone, a testosterone analogue

No trauma translation

PTH(1-34), teriparatide

No trauma translation

Tamoxifen

No trauma translation

Testosterone enanthate with adjuvant quadrupedal bodyweight-supported treadmill training

No trauma translation

Tramadol

No trauma translation

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

No trauma translation

Zonisamide-loaded monomethyl poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(l-lactide)-poly(trimethylene carbonate) nanomicelles (approximately 50 nm)

No trauma translation

COX / prostaglandin (NSAID)

Acetaminophen and mannitol

No trauma translation

Celecoxib

No trauma translation

Diclofenac

No trauma translation

Dimethylfumarate and carnosol (Nrf2 activators)

No trauma translation

Donepezil

No trauma translation

Flufenamic acid

Not approved

Hyaluronan of differing molecular weights and concentrations, best outcomes with high molecular weight (3000 kDa) hyaluronan

No trauma translation

Ibuprofen

No trauma translation

Lipo-prostaglandin E1 (lipo-PGE1, alprostadil in lipid microsphere formulation)

No trauma translation

Mithramycin (plicamycin)

No trauma translation

Photobiomodulation therapy (810 nm laser) with or without meloxicam

No trauma translation

Prostacyclin (PGI2, epoprostenol)

No trauma translation

Testosterone

No trauma translation

PPAR / metabolic / incretin

AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside), an AMPK agonist

Not approved

Bardoxolone methyl

Not approved

Co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultraPEALut, 10:1)

Not approved

Glibenclamide

No trauma translation

Iloprost (synthetic carbacyclin derivative of prostacyclin)

No trauma translation

Imatinib

No trauma translation

Insulin

No trauma translation

Insulin glargine

No trauma translation

Oliceridine

No trauma translation

Pioglitazone

No trauma translation

Rosiglitazone

Failed

Protein kinase inhibitor

D-JNKi1, a peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase

Not approved

Dabrafenib

No trauma translation

Glatiramer acetate

No trauma translation

Icariin liposome (injectable, sustained release)

Not approved

NA101, a selective calpain-2 inhibitor; nilotinib, a brain-penetrant c-Abl inhibitor, tested separately

No trauma translation

PLX3397 (pexidartinib)

No trauma translation

PLX5622

Not approved

Parecoxib, methylprednisolone, and their combination

No trauma translation

Paroxetine

No trauma translation

Recombinant activated protein C (rAPC)

Failed

Antifibrinolytic / coagulation / protease

Anti-C5a neutralising antibody, C5a receptor antagonist, and the thrombin inhibitor hirudin

No trauma translation

Edaravone

No trauma translation

Factor XIII

No trauma translation

Human plasminogen

Not approved

Levodopa (L-DOPA)

No trauma translation

Sivelestat

Not approved

Sodium nitrite; red blood cell washing; hemopexin; TAK-242 (TLR4 inhibitor)

No trauma translation

Tranexamic acid

Approved for trauma (caveats)

Xenon

No trauma translation

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

No trauma translation

Adrenergic / catecholamine

Amphetamine; atomoxetine; amantadine

No trauma translation

D-carnosine (compared with L-carnosine)

Not approved

Epinephrine (adrenaline), an adrenergic receptor agonist

No trauma translation

Formoterol

No trauma translation

Human plasma-based fibrin matrix used as the culture support for epidermal substitutes

Not approved

Photodynamic therapy using methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride (MAL) followed by red light irradiation

No trauma translation

Propranolol

No trauma translation

Silodosin; phentolamine

No trauma translation

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, vorinostat)

No trauma translation

Calcium channel modulator

Enoxaparin

No trauma translation

Estrone

No trauma translation

Ethosuximide and phenytoin

No trauma translation

Gabapentin

No trauma translation

Levetiracetam

No trauma translation

Pregabalin

No trauma translation

Racemic nilvadipine and the (-)-nilvadipine enantiomer ARC031

Not approved

pHBSP, an erythropoietin-derived peptide

Not approved

Immunosuppressant / calcineurin

Carvedilol

No trauma translation

Cromolyn sodium

No trauma translation

Cyclosporin A

No trauma translation

FK-506 (tacrolimus)

No trauma translation

FTY720 (fingolimod)

No trauma translation

Methotrexate (MTX) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C)

No trauma translation

Mitomycin C

No trauma translation

Rapamycin (sirolimus)

No trauma translation

Antibiotic / antimicrobial

2-Octyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive

Not approved

AVL-3288

Not approved

Boron derivatives: boric acid and sodium pentaborate pentahydrate, formulated as a hydrogel

No trauma translation

Thyroxine, exogenous

No trauma translation

Topical 2% mupirocin ointment for scald wound infection and intraperitoneal daptomycin for sepsis

No trauma translation

Vancomycin, applied as a mesh presoak

No trauma translation

Cytokine / NF-kB / TNF-IL inflammatory modulator

3,6'-dithiopomalidomide (DP) and pomalidomide (Pom)

No trauma translation

AZD8797

Not approved

CLI-095 (specific Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor)

Not approved

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra)

No trauma translation

MP201, a prodrug of 2,4-dinitrophenol

Not approved

Reparixin

Not approved

Ruthenium red (mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor); spermine

Not approved

GABA / benzodiazepine / anaesthetic

Human protein S

No trauma translation

Isoflurane, midazolam and flumazenil

No trauma translation

Lorazepam

No trauma translation

Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)

No trauma translation

Methamphetamine, low dose

No trauma translation

Propofol

No trauma translation

Valproic acid

No trauma translation

NMDA / glutamate receptor antagonist

Baclofen

No trauma translation

Delucemine (NPS 1506)

Failed

Dextromethorphan

No trauma translation

Ketamine

No trauma translation

Memantine

No trauma translation

Perampanel

No trauma translation

Ion pump / diuretic / osmotic

5% hypertonic saline; 20% mannitol

No trauma translation

Amiloride

No trauma translation

Bumetanide; bicuculline; gabazine; muscimol; DIOA

No trauma translation

Erlotinib; rapamycin (sirolimus) as a second active arm

No trauma translation

Methylprednisolone

No trauma translation

Omeprazole

No trauma translation

Adenosine / purinergic

Caffeine

No trauma translation

Clopidogrel (platelet P2Y12 antagonist); returned heparinized shed blood

No trauma translation

Daily acute intermittent hypoxia, with or without the adenosine 2A receptor antagonist KW6002 (istradefylline)

No trauma translation

Glucose (exogenous energy substrate)

No trauma translation

Phosphocreatine

Not approved

Theophylline

No trauma translation

Growth factor / neurotrophic (FGF/VEGF/BDNF/IGF/NGF/PDGF)

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles embedded in a hyaluronan and methylcellulose (HAMC) hydrogel

No trauma translation

Platelet-derived growth factor BB in gelatin hydrogel sheets

No trauma translation

Progesterone

No trauma translation

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (hIGF-1)

No trauma translation

Siponimod

No trauma translation

Antioxidant / free-radical scavenger

SS31 antioxidant tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2)

Not approved

TBE-31 (bis(cyano enone) Nrf2 activator) in mice; sulforaphane-delivering extract in humans

Not approved

Nitric oxide / NOS pathway

4-Aminopyridine

No trauma translation

Chloramine T and chlorhexidine

No trauma translation

Chloroquine

No trauma translation

Sildenafil

No trauma translation

Topical ointment containing nitric oxide-loaded zinc-exchanged zeolite A, releasing nitric oxide on contact with water

No trauma translation

Corticosteroid / glucocorticoid

Dexamethasone sodium phosphate

No trauma translation

Methylprednisolone sodium succinate, leupeptin, and bestatin

No trauma translation

Nimodipine with dextran 40

No trauma translation

Phenelzine

No trauma translation

Opioid / analgesic

Huperzine A

Not approved

Morphine

No trauma translation

Naloxone

No trauma translation

Unsubstituted tricyclic phenothiazine

Not approved

Haematopoietic growth factor (EPO/G-CSF)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

No trauma translation

Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF)

No trauma translation

Paeoniflorin

Not approved

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO)

No trauma translation

Sodium channel modulator

Lacosamide

No trauma translation

Lidocaine

No trauma translation

Phenytoin (Dilantin)

No trauma translation

Riluzole

No trauma translation

Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor

Buspirone

No trauma translation

Doxycycline

No trauma translation

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin)

Atorvastatin

No trauma translation

Simvastatin

No trauma translation

Metal chelator / trace element

Deferoxamine

No trauma translation

Deferoxamine mesylate, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylthiourea, sodium benzoate, vitamin E (and catalase)

No trauma translation

Mechanism membership is derived from ChEMBL mechanism text. Groups do not cover all drugs and can contain heterogeneous interventions.

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