Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)

The effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor on rotator cuff healing after injury and repair.

Model: Creation of a full-thickness supraspinatus tendon defect with immediate surgical repair

G-CSF significantly increased the cellularity composite score versus control at 12 days (7.40 plus or minus 1.14 versus 4.50 plus or minus 0.57, p = 0.038) and 19 days (8.00 plus or minus 1.00 versus 5.40 plus or minus 0.89, p = 0.023). No differences were seen in any biomechanical property or MRI…

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Promising role of filgrastim and alpha-tocopherol succinate in amelioration of gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome (GI-ARS) in mice.

Model: Gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome induced by 10 Gy whole-body gamma irradiation

Alpha-tocopherol succinate alone reduced malondialdehyde and normalised glutathione, whereas filgrastim alone did not affect these oxidative markers; both lowered myeloperoxidase and IL-1beta. The combination markedly increased glutathione, raised serum citrulline by 94%, reduced epithelial damage…

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Neutrophils promote alveolar epithelial regeneration by enhancing type II pneumocyte proliferation in a model of acid-induced acute lung injury.

Model: Unilateral acid instillation producing severe but survivable acute lung injury with features of the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Neutrophil depletion with Ly6G antibody impaired type II pneumocyte proliferation and re-epithelialisation and increased alveolar protein concentration. Neutropenic G-CSF knockout mice showed the same defective repair, which was reversed by administration of exogenous G-CSF, indicating that neutrop…

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Combination therapy of human umbilical cord blood cells and granulocyte colony stimulating factor reduces histopathological and motor impairments in an experimental model of chronic traumatic brain injury.

Model: Moderate controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury; craniectomy about 2.5 mm radius at +0.2 mm anterior and -0.2 mm lateral right of bregma, impact to fronto-parietal cortex at 6.0 m/s to 1.0 mm below dura, 150 ms dwell, impactor angled 15 degrees

Combined hUCB plus G-CSF robustly dampened neuroinflammation, enhanced endogenous neurogenesis, reduced hippocampal cell loss and produced long-lasting motor recovery to day 56. hUCB monotherapy gave intermediate benefit, while G-CSF monotherapy produced only partial and short-lived motor benefit t…

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Systemic G-CSF treatment does not improve long-term outcomes after neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury.

Model: Neonatal hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury

G-CSF did not improve neurobehavioural outcomes or brain injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia, and acute-phase injection increased hippocampal damage.

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G-CSF promotes autophagy and reduces neural tissue damage after spinal cord injury in mice.

Model: Spinal cord hemisection

G-CSF accelerated autophagy activation in injured spinal cord and protected neuronal structure by inhibiting NF-kappaB signalling; blocking autophagy with 3-methyladenine partially removed the neuroprotective effect.

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G-CSF pretreatment aggravates LPS-associated microcirculatory dysfunction and acute liver injury after partial hepatectomy in rats.

Model: 70% partial hepatectomy followed by lipopolysaccharide administration

G-CSF pretreatment worsened outcome. All rats given G-CSF plus lipopolysaccharide plus partial hepatectomy died within 4 h with severe inflammation, erythrocyte congestion, neutrophil infiltration, portal hypertension and pronounced microcirculatory disturbance, against 30% 24 h survival for lipopo…

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves neuron survival in experimental spinal cord injury by regulating nucleophosmin-1 expression.

Model: Spinal cord hemisection, with an in vitro neuronal mechanical injury model

G-CSF promoted locomotor recovery and inhibited neuronal apoptosis, and the nucleophosmin 1 inhibitor partially blocked its neuroprotective effect in vitro.

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves alternative activation of microglia under microenvironment of spinal cord injury.

Model: Mouse spinal cord hemisection; parallel in vitro work in BV2 microglia

G-CSF recruited microglia to the injury site during the first 72 hours, inhibited pro-inflammatory factor expression, promoted neurotrophic factor expression and favoured M2 over M1 polarisation of microglia, with NF-kappaB signalling implicated in the polarisation response.

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Effects of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on central and peripheral T lymphocyte reconstitution after sublethal irradiation in mice.

Model: Sublethal total body gamma irradiation, single dose of 600 cGy (6 Gy) delivered at 187 cGy/min from a cobalt source (GWXJ80 Theratron)

G-CSF accelerated thymic and peripheral T cell reconstitution after 6 Gy total body irradiation, with higher thymocyte numbers at days 14 to 28, earlier recovery of CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes (day 28 versus day 60 in controls), higher sjTREC frequency at day 30, shortened severe lymphopeni…

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Granulocyte colony stimulating factor prevents kidney infarction and attenuates renovascular hypertension.

Model: Two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) left renal artery clipping causing renal ischaemia and infarction

G-CSF lowered arterial pressure (129 vs 150 mmHg), prevented the rise in plasma angiotensins, reduced ischaemic kidney atrophy and prevented infarction in 7 of 8 mice.

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Delayed granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment promotes functional recovery in rats with severe contusive spinal cord injury.

Model: Severe contusive spinal cord injury

Delayed G-CSF increased preserved spinal cord area, improved sensory and motor function, reduced myelin detachment and disruption with axonal sprouting, and lowered microglial and macrophage numbers, while brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were comparable between groups.

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Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor Combined with Methylprednisolone Improves Functional Outcomes in Rats with Experimental Acute Spinal Cord Injury.

Model: Laminectomy with moderate contusion spinal cord injury at T10 using an NYU impactor, 10 g rod dropped from 12.5 mm, compressing the cord for 15 s; follow-up to 42 days

The combination of G-CSF and methylprednisolone produced greater locomotor recovery than either agent alone or no treatment from day 14 onwards, with a 5.44 point BBB advantage over control at day 42 (p<0.001), and synergistic histological improvement in hyperaemia and cellular infiltration. Motor…

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Impact of Abbreviated Filgrastim Schedule on Survival and Hematopoietic Recovery after Irradiation in Four Mouse Strains with Different Radiosensitivity.

Model: Bilateral total-body irradiation from a cobalt-60 gamma source at a midline dose rate of 0.6 Gy/min; LD70/30 doses of 7.8-8.0 Gy (C3H/HeN), 8.0-8.2 Gy (C57BL/6), 8.5 Gy (B6C3F1) and 9.25 Gy (CD2F1); sublethal haematology doses of 6.5 Gy and 7 Gy

Three daily subcutaneous doses of 0.17 mg/kg filgrastim starting 24 h after lethal total-body irradiation raised 30-day survival in all four strains and accelerated haematopoietic recovery, whereas the conventional 16-day schedule failed to improve survival in three of four strains and efficacy was…

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Bone marrow cell mobilization by the systemic use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) improves wound bed preparation.

Model: Full-thickness tail wounds in mice with dorsally implanted polyvinyl alcohol sponges, plus green fluorescent protein bone marrow chimeric mice for homing studies; proof of principle in one patient with a nonhealing venous ulcer

Systemic GCSF mobilised bone marrow stem cells into the peripheral blood and to the wound site, and was associated with increased collagen accumulation and promising wound bed preparation and healing, including in a patient with a nonhealing venous ulcer. No quantitative effect sizes were reported…

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Effects of G-CSF on cardiac remodeling and arterial hyperplasia in rats

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