FOLLOW THE DEFINITIONS

Translation & outcomes

The answer changes with the question. Compare human-trial activity under explicitly different denominators.

Trauma drugs

Human trial for any indication

291/ 33387.4%

95% Wilson interval: 83.4%–90.5%. Derived from the any-trial flag on ChEMBL-resolved records.

Trauma drugs

Stringent acute-injury trial

34/ 33310.2%

95% Wilson interval: 7.4%–13.9%. Stringent aggregate count for acute-injury trials.

All resolved drugs

Human trial for any indication

552/ 63586.9%

95% Wilson interval: 84.1%–89.3%. Derived from the any-trial flag on ChEMBL-resolved records.

All resolved drugs

Stringent acute-injury trial

66/ 63510.4%

95% Wilson interval: 8.3%–13.0%. Stringent aggregate count for acute-injury trials.

Definitions matter. Aggregate stringent counts and record-level injury-link flags answer different questions. Record-level flags identify 93 trauma drugs and 151 drugs overall with injury-linked trials, alongside stringent aggregates of 34 and 66. Confidence intervals describe proportions under each definition.

Approval requires a separate question

Strict trauma approval1Resolved trauma drugs

Caveated trauma use1Reported separately from strict approval

Other caveated intervention1Excluded from the drug denominator

Causal contributionNot inferredApproval does not establish causation

Tranexamic acid

Prevention and treatment of haemorrhage/fibrinolytic bleeding (surgical bleeding, cyclic heavy menstrual bleeding, haemophilia dental extraction); antifibrinolytic (approved 1986)

Approved for trauma (caveats)

Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)

Bone regeneration: anterior lumbar interbody spinal fusion (2002) and acute open tibial shaft fractures (2004); dibotermin alfa (InFUSE/Inductos)

Approved for trauma

Autologous keratinocytes

Burns, chronic wounds

Approved for trauma (caveats)

Regulatory classifications distinguish strict trauma approval, caveated use and other interventions. Clinical use, off-label practice, device approval and causal contribution are different concepts. Causal contribution requires evidence beyond these recorded associations.

Loading the evidence…