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Follow an intervention from preclinical studies to human trials and reported outcomes.
| THERAPY / MECHANISM | INJURY MODELS | STUDIES | REPORTED OUTCOME | Open record |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 17beta-estradiol Estrogen receptor alpha agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Other +7 | 201999–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) Acetic acid ester of carnitine that facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into mitochondrial matrices during fatty acid oxidation; crosses the blood-brain barrier and has reported neuroprotective, neuromodulatory and neurotrophic activity; shows nicotinic action at the neuromuscular junction and competitively inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase. | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Spinal cord injury | 22012–2019 | Not approved | |
| Bumetanide; bicuculline; gabazine; muscimol; DIOA Loop diuretic; inhibits the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC2 (INHIBITOR, direct interaction, disease efficacy true). Indexed on bumetanide, the lead agent of this combination. Bicuculline, gabazine and DIOA are research-grade pharmacological tools without therapeutic ChEMBL drug records; muscimol exists separately as CHEMBL273481 (max_phase 1). Black box warning present. | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22016 | No trauma translation | |
| Candesartan and telmisartan Type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) antagonist | TBI · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22014–2015 | No trauma translation | |
| Chloroquine Ferriprotoporphyrin IX inhibitor; Ferriprotoporphyrin IX binding agent | Ischaemia-reperfusion · TBI +2 | 51989–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| CLI-095 (specific Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Crush +1 | 32012–2020 | Not approved | |
| Cromolyn sodium Unknown | Wound · TBI +2 | 42010–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Curcumin Nutraceutical | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion +7 | 262002–2020 | Not approved | |
| Docosahexaenoic acid Nutraceutical | Spinal cord injury · TBI +2 | 122011–2020 | Not approved | |
| Edaravone Unknown | Chemical/toxin · Ischaemia-reperfusion +6 | 62004–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Epidermal growth factor Biologic | Chemical/toxin · Spinal cord injury +3 | 51989–2017 | Not approved | |
| Etanercept TNF-alpha inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | Spinal cord injury · TBI +4 | 92007–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Exendin-4 (exenatide) GLP-1 receptor agonist (ChEMBL mec_id 60, AGONIST, direct interaction, FDA label ref). Synthetic exendin-4, a 39-amino-acid incretin mimetic originally isolated from Heloderma suspectum venom. ATC A10BJ01. Black box warning (thyroid C-cell tumours, extended-release form). | Burn · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22016–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) encapsulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles embedded in a hyaluronan and methylcellulose (HAMC) hydrogel Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 agonist | Wound · Spinal cord injury +1 | 42012–2015 | No trauma translation | |
| Glibenclamide Sulfonylurea receptor 1, Kir6.2 blocker (BLOCKER; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion +2 | 62010–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Glycyrrhizin Nutraceutical | Chemical/toxin · Haemorrhage/shock +3 | 62011–2020 | Not approved | |
| Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) Granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Radiation +6 | 152006–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Hemin (heme oxygenase-1 inducer) Drug | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion +1 | 32013–2019 | Not approved | |
| Hepatocyte growth factor Drug | Wound · Ischaemia-reperfusion +2 | 111993–2009 | Not approved | |
| Human adrenomedullin (AM) plus AM binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) Biologic | Ischaemia-reperfusion · TBI | 22011–2013 | Not approved | |
| Iloprost (synthetic carbacyclin derivative of prostacyclin) Prostanoid IP receptor agonist (AGONIST); direct interaction, disease efficacy true | Haemorrhage/shock · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 21986–2015 | No trauma translation | |
| Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST; direct interaction) | Fracture · TBI +5 | 102010–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Ketamine Glutamate [NMDA] receptor negative allosteric modulator (NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR); direct interaction, disease efficacy true. | Spinal cord injury · Other +4 | 92011–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| L-NAME Drug | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Spinal cord injury +4 | 31997–2017 | Not approved | |
| Luteolin No ChEMBL mechanism-of-action table record. Natural flavone (natural product flag true), max_phase 2. | TBI · Ischaemia-reperfusion +1 | 32013–2017 | Not approved | |
| Melatonin Melatonin receptor agonist (AGONIST); active at MT1, MT2 and MT3 receptors, MT1/MT2 most relevant; sleep promoting activity. | Chemical/toxin · Other +8 | 242003–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Methylprednisolone Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Chemical/toxin +4 | 131987–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Minocycline Bacterial 70S ribosome inhibitor (INHIBITOR; binding site 16S rRNA) | Spinal cord injury · TBI +4 | 152003–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| MK-801 (dizocilpine) and sumatriptan Drug | TBI · Ischaemia-reperfusion +1 | 42014–2016 | Not approved | |
| Morphine Mu opioid receptor agonist (AGONIST), direct interaction, disease efficacy true. | Spinal cord injury · Fracture +2 | 122012–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Naloxone Opioid receptors; mu/kappa/delta antagonist | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 31986–2016 | No trauma translation | |
| Niacin (vitamin B3) Nutraceutical | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Spinal cord injury | 22016–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Paclitaxel-loaded acetalated dextran nanoparticles (PTX@Ac-DEX), compared with Taxol Tubulin inhibitor (INHIBITOR; binds to beta tubulin; direct interaction; disease efficacy) | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22016–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Pioglitazone Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist (AGONIST); direct interaction, disease efficacy true; thiazolidinedione insulin sensitiser. Black box warning present. | TBI · Ischaemia-reperfusion +2 | 52016–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Propranolol Beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST); Beta-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST) | TBI · Haemorrhage/shock +3 | 111983–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Puerarin Nutraceutical | Other · Spinal cord injury +3 | 62013–2020 | Not approved | |
| Rapamycin (sirolimus) FK506-binding protein 1A inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | Spinal cord injury · TBI +3 | 152010–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Recombinant activated protein C (rAPC) Coagulation factor VIII inhibitor (INHIBITOR); Coagulation factor V inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22016–2017 | Failed | |
| Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) Erythropoietin receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · TBI +7 | 222004–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Resveratrol Nutraceutical | Chemical/toxin · Radiation +7 | 192003–2020 | Not approved | |
| Rolipram Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor (INHIBITOR, direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · TBI +1 | 52012–2019 | Not approved | |
| Rosiglitazone Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist | Wound · Ischaemia-reperfusion +4 | 92011–2020 | Failed | |
| Ruthenium red (mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor); spermine PARTIAL: spermine matched in ChEMBL as a natural polyamine (max_phase 0.5, therapeutic_flag false); get_mechanism returned 0 records, an explicit negative result. Ruthenium red returned 0 ChEMBL hits; its reported activity as a mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibitor comes from the source literature, not ChEMBL. ClinicalTrials.gov searched for both agents: all hits were term collisions (SMS text-messaging and small-mobile-stem-cell studies) and were rejected, so zero trials is a deliberate filtered decision, not an omission. | Haemorrhage/shock · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22014–2017 | Not approved | |
| Sildenafil Phosphodiesterase 5A inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | Radiation · Other +5 | 102011–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Simvastatin HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (INHIBITOR), direct interaction, disease efficacy true. | TBI · Chemical/toxin +7 | 152003–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, vorinostat) Pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor; INHIBITOR action at HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6 | Haemorrhage/shock · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22015–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Substance P Hormone | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Wound +1 | 32013–2019 | Not approved | |
| Tempol and coenzyme Q10 Drug | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Crush +5 | 31992–2013 | Not approved | |
| tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is TPA, cleaves plasminogen to plasmin | Ischaemia-reperfusion · TBI +1 | 52011–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Tramadol Centrally acting analgesic: weak mu-opioid receptor agonist (ChEMBL mec_id 707, AGONIST, FDA label ref) with additional serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibition not captured in the ChEMBL MoA table. Active O-desmethyl metabolite (M1) carries most opioid activity. ATC N02AX02. Black box warning. | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion | 22015–2018 | No trauma translation |
Study counts are reported at therapy level and can differ from the number of itemised publications. Outcomes are research classifications, not treatment recommendations.