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Follow an intervention from preclinical studies to human trials and reported outcomes.
| THERAPY / MECHANISM | INJURY MODELS | STUDIES | REPORTED OUTCOME | Open record |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FK-506 (tacrolimus) FK506-binding protein 1A (FKBP1A) inhibitor; calcineurin/immunophilin immunosuppressive pathway | Spinal cord injury · TBI +2 | 72011–2017 | No trauma translation | |
| FK866 (NAMPT inhibitor) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) NAMPT inhibitor (INHIBITOR), direct interaction | TBI | 12015 | Not approved | |
| Formoterol Long-acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist (direct interaction, disease efficacy; FDA label reference), raising intracellular cAMP. Beyond bronchodilation, the beta-2/cAMP/PGC-1alpha axis drives mitochondrial biogenesis, which is the property invoked in the trauma and acute-injury literature. ATC R03AC13 and R03CC15; USAN stem -terol. The R,R-enantiomer arformoterol (CHEMBL1363) was approved separately in 2006. | TBI | 12020 | No trauma translation | |
| FTY720 (fingolimod) Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor agonist; Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor binding agent | Chemical/toxin · TBI +1 | 52014–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Galantamine Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor | Spinal cord injury · TBI | 22017–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Glibenclamide Sulfonylurea receptor 1, Kir6.2 blocker (BLOCKER; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion +2 | 62010–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Glucose (exogenous energy substrate) No mechanism-of-action record in ChEMBL (metabolic substrate rather than target-directed agent) | TBI | 12013 | No trauma translation | |
| Glycyrrhizin Nutraceutical | Chemical/toxin · Haemorrhage/shock +3 | 62011–2020 | Not approved | |
| Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) Granulocyte colony stimulating factor receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Radiation +6 | 152006–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Haloperidol; quetiapine Serotonin 2a (5-HT2a) receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST) and D2-like dopamine receptor inverse agonist (INVERSE AGONIST); both direct interactions with disease efficacy true. | TBI | 12016 | No trauma translation | |
| Human adrenomedullin (AM) plus AM binding protein-1 (AMBP-1) Biologic | Ischaemia-reperfusion · TBI | 22011–2013 | Not approved | |
| Human protein S Vitamin K-dependent protein S, exogenous protein replacement (EXOGENOUS PROTEIN, direct interaction) | TBI | 12020 | No trauma translation | |
| Huperzine A Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | TBI · Spinal cord injury +1 | 32012–2017 | Not approved | |
| Ibudilast Non-selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor: PDE4, PDE3A, PDE10A and PDE5A inhibitor (INHIBITOR; direct interaction); also active against PDE11 | TBI · Other +1 | 42011–2014 | No trauma translation | |
| Ibuprofen Cyclooxygenase inhibitor (INHIBITOR, direct interaction, disease efficacy true) | TBI · Wound +1 | 51985–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Insulin Insulin receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Burn · Wound +3 | 81981–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST; direct interaction) | Fracture · TBI +5 | 102010–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Isoflurane, midazolam and flumazenil Glycine receptor (alpha-1/beta) positive modulator; GABA-A receptor; anion channel positive allosteric modulator; Potassium channel subfamily K member 10 opener; Potassium channel subfamily K member 18 opener; Potassium channel subfamily K member 3 opener; Potassium channel subfamily K member 9 opener; Potassium channel subfamily K member 2 opener | TBI · Haemorrhage/shock | 32012–2016 | No trauma translation | |
| Kaempferol Dietary flavonoid; antioxidant (no ChEMBL mechanism record). | TBI | 12019 | Not approved | |
| Ketamine Glutamate [NMDA] receptor negative allosteric modulator (NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR); direct interaction, disease efficacy true. | Spinal cord injury · Other +4 | 92011–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Kollidon VA64 (vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer) EXACT ChEMBL match: 'Kollidon va 64' appears verbatim in the synonym list of COPOVIDONE CHEMBL2108242. max_phase -1 (unknown clinical phase), first_approval NULL, therapeutic_flag FALSE, dosed_ingredient FALSE, structure_type NONE (polymer, no defined structure recorded). get_mechanism was NOT called: copovidone is a pharmaceutical EXCIPIENT and vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer with no curated molecular target, so calling it would only have returned an uninformative zero. moa_list and target are therefore intentionally empty. | TBI | 12011 | Not approved | |
| L-arginine Drug | Chemical/toxin · Spinal cord injury +2 | 52011–2017 | Not approved | |
| L-NAME Drug | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Spinal cord injury +4 | 31997–2017 | Not approved | |
| Lacosamide Voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit blocker (enhances slow inactivation) | TBI · Other | 32013–2016 | No trauma translation | |
| Levetiracetam MODULATOR of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A); BLOCKER of voltage-gated N-type calcium channel alpha-1B subunit. | TBI · Spinal cord injury +1 | 42006–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Levodopa (L-DOPA) AGONIST at the dopamine D3 receptor (direct interaction, disease efficacy); levodopa is a prodrug of dopamine. | TBI | 12017 | No trauma translation | |
| Lidocaine BLOCKER of the voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit (local anaesthetic; also class Ib antiarrhythmic). | Other · Wound +3 | 41990–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Lisuride hydrogen maleate Drug | TBI | 12011 | Not approved | |
| Lorazepam GABA-A receptor positive allosteric modulator (benzodiazepine site) | TBI | 12017 | No trauma translation | |
| Luteolin No ChEMBL mechanism-of-action table record. Natural flavone (natural product flag true), max_phase 2. | TBI · Ischaemia-reperfusion +1 | 32013–2017 | Not approved | |
| Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) ChEMBL records mechanism_of_action as 'Unknown' (no molecular target assigned; FDA label reference) | TBI | 11988 | No trauma translation | |
| Magnesium sulphate Drug | Spinal cord injury · TBI | 61999–2007 | Failed | |
| MDMA (ecstasy) Monoamine releasing agent at the serotonin (SLC6A4), dopamine (SLC6A3) and noradrenaline (SLC6A2) transporters; mechanism annotated for PTSD indication | TBI | 12010 | Not approved | |
| Melatonin Melatonin receptor agonist (AGONIST); active at MT1, MT2 and MT3 receptors, MT1/MT2 most relevant; sleep promoting activity. | Chemical/toxin · Other +8 | 242003–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Memantine Glutamate [NMDA] receptor negative allosteric modulator (NEGATIVE ALLOSTERIC MODULATOR, direct interaction, disease efficacy true) | TBI · Radiation | 52005–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Metandienone (anabolic-androgenic steroid), given with voluntary running wheel exercise Androgen receptor agonist (AGONIST, direct interaction). ChEMBL comment: binds and activates the androgen receptor, increasing protein synthesis, glycogenolysis and muscle strength. ATC A14AA03, D11AE01. Withdrawn flag set in ChEMBL. | TBI | 12019 | Failed | |
| Methamphetamine, low dose INHIBITOR of monoamine transporters (mec_id 1567, target CHEMBL2363064); direct_interaction and disease_efficacy true. ATC N06BA03; black_box_warning TRUE. | TBI | 12012 | No trauma translation | |
| Methotrexate (MTX) and cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor | Spinal cord injury · TBI +1 | 51982–2014 | No trauma translation | |
| Methylene blue Drug | TBI · Chemical/toxin +1 | 52014–2016 | No trauma translation | |
| Methylprednisolone Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury · Chemical/toxin +4 | 131987–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Methylprednisolone suleptanate sodium (U67590A) compared with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) Drug | TBI | 11989 | Not approved | |
| Metyrapone and carbenoxolone (separate treatment arms) Cytochrome P450 11B1 (11beta-hydroxylase) inhibitor (INHIBITOR; mechanism for indication: Cushing's syndrome) | TBI | 12013 | No trauma translation | |
| Mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) Drug | TBI | 12017 | Not approved | |
| Mifepristone (glucocorticoid receptor antagonist) and spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist) Glucocorticoid receptor antagonist; Progesterone receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST) | TBI · Burn +1 | 11995–2016 | No trauma translation | |
| Minocycline Bacterial 70S ribosome inhibitor (INHIBITOR; binding site 16S rRNA) | Spinal cord injury · TBI +4 | 152003–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Mithramycin (plicamycin) DNA inhibitor | TBI · Burn | 22011–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| MK-801 (dizocilpine) and sumatriptan Drug | TBI · Ischaemia-reperfusion +1 | 42014–2016 | Not approved | |
| MP201, a prodrug of 2,4-dinitrophenol Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler; 2,4-dinitrophenol is the active core of the prodrug MP201 (ChEMBL has no explicit mechanism record). MP201 itself not found in ClinicalTrials.gov. | TBI | 12018 | Not approved | |
| MS-275 (entinostat) Histone deacetylase inhibitor (INHIBITOR, direct interaction, disease efficacy true) | TBI | 12013 | Not approved | |
| NA101, a selective calpain-2 inhibitor; nilotinib, a brain-penetrant c-Abl inhibitor, tested separately Tyrosine-protein kinase ABL inhibitor; Bcr/Abl fusion protein inhibitor (INHIBITOR, direct interaction) | TBI · Chemical/toxin | 22016–2017 | No trauma translation |
Study counts are reported at therapy level and can differ from the number of itemised publications. Outcomes are research classifications, not treatment recommendations.