Loading the evidence…
Follow an intervention from preclinical studies to human trials and reported outcomes.
| THERAPY / MECHANISM | INJURY MODELS | STUDIES | REPORTED OUTCOME | Open record |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbon monoxide-saturated saline (prepared by bubbling 50% carbon monoxide gas into saline) Drug | Chemical/toxin · Wound | 22016–2020 | Not approved | |
| Carisbamate (CRS) Drug | TBI | 12007–2010 | Not approved | |
| carprofen Selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (propionic acid NSAID). Direct interaction, disease efficacy true; selectivity noted as selective. First approval 1987; now predominantly a veterinary NSAID. | TBI | 12011 | No trauma translation | |
| Carvedilol Non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with additional alpha-1 adrenoceptor antagonism; both ANTAGONIST, direct interaction, disease efficacy true. ATC C07AG02. Salt form CHEMBL1201167 (carvedilol phosphate, approved 2006) maps to the same parent. | Spinal cord injury | 12015 | No trauma translation | |
| Ceftriaxone Bacterial penicillin-binding protein inhibitor | TBI | 12012 | No trauma translation | |
| Celecoxib Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (INHIBITOR; direct interaction) | Wound · Chemical/toxin +1 | 11999–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Chloramine T and chlorhexidine Cell membrane inhibitor (INHIBITOR); disrupts the bacterial cell membrane | Wound | 11986 | No trauma translation | |
| Chloroquine Ferriprotoporphyrin IX inhibitor; Ferriprotoporphyrin IX binding agent | Ischaemia-reperfusion · TBI +2 | 51989–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Cimetidine and elcatonin Histamine H2 receptor antagonist (ANTAGONIST, direct interaction, disease efficacy true) | Spinal cord injury · Chemical/toxin +2 | 51982–1989 | No trauma translation | |
| CLI-095 (specific Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor) Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor (INHIBITOR) | Ischaemia-reperfusion · Crush +1 | 32012–2020 | Not approved | |
| Clopidogrel (platelet P2Y12 antagonist); returned heparinized shed blood Irreversible antagonist of the platelet P2Y12 purinergic receptor; prodrug requiring hepatic CYP activation. | Haemorrhage/shock | 12011 | No trauma translation | |
| Co-ultramicronised palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultraPEALut, 10:1) Co-ultramicronized palmitoylethanolamide + luteolin (PEA-LUT); PEA is a PPAR-alpha-active fatty acid amide | Spinal cord injury · Fracture +1 | 32015–2017 | Not approved | |
| Coenzyme Q10 plus trimetazidine Supplement | Chemical/toxin · Crush +1 | 32015–2018 | Not approved | |
| Colchicine Tubulin INHIBITOR; inhibits microtubule assembly by binding to beta tubulin (target CHEMBL2095182). ATC M04AC01. | Wound | 12017 | No trauma translation | |
| Collagenase Santyl Ointment (clostridial collagenase), active ingredient CS-API Collagen hydrolytic enzyme (HYDROLYTIC ENZYME) | Wound | 12018 | No trauma translation | |
| Copaiba oil-resin (Copaifera reticulata Ducke), 37.3% beta-caryophyllene beta-Caryophyllene (major sesquiterpene of copaiba oil-resin; reported CB2 receptor agonist); no curated ChEMBL mechanism record | Wound | 12017 | Not approved | |
| Corticotropin-releasing factor (41-residue rat/human sequence) Hormone | Burn | 11989 | Not approved | |
| Corticotropin-releasing factor (human/rat 41-amino acid sequence); ovine CRF and dynorphin A(1-13) also tested Diagnostic agent | Burn | 11987 | No trauma translation | |
| Creatine Drug | Spinal cord injury | 22000–2002 | Not approved | |
| Crocetin (98% purity), the principal constituent of saffron Nutraceutical | Chemical/toxin · TBI | 22011–2020 | Not approved | |
| Crocin Nutraceutical | Chemical/toxin · Haemorrhage/shock | 32015–2020 | Not approved | |
| Cromolyn sodium Unknown | Wound · TBI +2 | 42010–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Curcumin Nutraceutical | Spinal cord injury · Ischaemia-reperfusion +7 | 262002–2020 | Not approved | |
| Cyclosporin A Cyclophilin A modulator | TBI · Burn +4 | 71996–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| D-carnosine (compared with L-carnosine) ChEMBL entry CHEMBL242948 is the L-enantiomer (beta-alanyl-L-histidine, chirality=1); the D-enantiomer studied here has no separate ChEMBL record, so this is a same-molecule different-stereochemistry match and is flagged for manual review. No ChEMBL mechanism_of_action record; carnosine acts as an endogenous dipeptide antioxidant and carbonyl scavenger. | Spinal cord injury | 22011–2015 | Not approved | |
| D-JNKi1, a peptide inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 inhibitor | TBI | 12012 | Not approved | |
| Dabrafenib ATP-competitive BRAF kinase inhibitor, approved 2013, ATC L01EC02, USAN stem -rafenib. Mechanism record is held on the mesylate salt CHEMBL2105729 (parent CHEMBL2028663). 192 ClinicalTrials.gov records match; 7 interventional dabrafenib trials retained, observational registry studies excluded. | Spinal cord injury | 12019 | No trauma translation | |
| Daily acute intermittent hypoxia, with methysergide as a mechanistic serotonin receptor antagonist 5-HT2b antagonist; 5-HT1a partial agonist; 5-HT2c antagonist | Spinal cord injury | 12017 | No trauma translation | |
| Daily acute intermittent hypoxia, with or without the adenosine 2A receptor antagonist KW6002 (istradefylline) Istradefylline (KW-6002) = CHEMBL431770, max_phase 4, ATC N04CX01, first_in_class, USAN stem -fylline. Mechanism mec_id 5688: adenosine A2a receptor ANTAGONIST, target CHEMBL251, direct_interaction true, disease_efficacy true. first_approval is NULL IN CHEMBL ITSELF, a genuine null rather than an omission, despite the drug being approved. PARTIAL match: ChEMBL covers only the pharmacological co-agent; the primary therapy, daily acute intermittent hypoxia, is a procedure with no ChEMBL entity. | Spinal cord injury | 22015–2016 | No trauma translation | |
| Deferoxamine Iron chelating agent (CHELATING AGENT); direct interaction, disease efficacy true. | Haemorrhage/shock · TBI | 32011–2014 | No trauma translation | |
| Deferoxamine mesylate, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylthiourea, sodium benzoate, vitamin E (and catalase) Iron chelating agent (parent CHEMBL556). Only the deferoxamine component resolved; the other co-administered antioxidants/radical scavengers in this combination were not separately matched. | Burn · TBI | 21985–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Not fully established. Prasterone is an inactive endogenous steroid that is converted to active estrogens and androgens. | Fracture · Chemical/toxin | 22011–2014 | No trauma translation | |
| Delucemine (NPS 1506) Glutamate [NMDA] receptor antagonist | Not recorded | 0Year not recorded | Failed | |
| Dexamethasone sodium phosphate Glucocorticoid receptor agonist (AGONIST; direct interaction) - taken from parent dexamethasone CHEMBL384467; no MoA record on the salt entry | Other · TBI +1 | 32013–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Dextromethorphan Sigma opioid receptor agonist (AGONIST); glutamate [NMDA] receptor subunit epsilon 1 (GluN2A) antagonist (ANTAGONIST) | TBI · Other | 22011–2015 | No trauma translation | |
| Dextrorphan (non-competitive NMDA antagonist) and 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (competitive NMDA antagonist) Drug | TBI | 11989 | Not approved | |
| Diazoxide KATP channel opener (OPENER) at KCNJ11 and KCNJ8; direct interaction, disease efficacy true | Other · TBI | 22012–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Diclofenac Cyclooxygenase inhibitor (action type INHIBITOR; direct interaction, disease efficacy) | Chemical/toxin · Other +2 | 41983–2017 | No trauma translation | |
| Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) Hormone | Burn | 12020 | Not approved | |
| Dimethyl sulfoxide Mechanism of action recorded in ChEMBL as 'Unknown'; approved intravesically for interstitial cystitis. | Wound · Other +2 | 41986–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| Dimethylfumarate and carnosol (Nrf2 activators) Alkylates Keap1 to prevent interaction with Nrf2 (INHIBITOR, direct interaction, disease efficacy true) | Chemical/toxin · Wound +1 | 32014–2018 | No trauma translation | |
| dizocilpine maleate (MK801) Drug | Spinal cord injury | 12011 | Not approved | |
| Dl-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) Drug | Spinal cord injury · TBI | 22017 | Not approved | |
| Docosahexaenoic acid Nutraceutical | Spinal cord injury · TBI +2 | 122011–2020 | Not approved | |
| Donepezil Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor | TBI | 12013 | No trauma translation | |
| Doxycycline Bacterial 70S ribosome inhibitor (16S rRNA binding site); also inhibits matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-7, MMP-8 and MMP-13, which ChEMBL notes is the primary action at concentrations reached in the human body | Other · TBI +3 | 72011–2020 | No trauma translation | |
| Ebselen Antioxidant (glutathione peroxidase mimetic); no target_chembl_id assigned in ChEMBL | Spinal cord injury · Chemical/toxin +1 | 32014–2018 | Not approved | |
| Edaravone Unknown | Chemical/toxin · Ischaemia-reperfusion +6 | 62004–2019 | No trauma translation | |
| Eight small molecule L1 agonists identified by screening of known drug libraries, including duloxetine Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI); INHIBITOR at SLC6A4 and SLC6A2. ChEMBL match is for duloxetine, the only named member of the eight L1 agonists. | Spinal cord injury | 12015 | No trauma translation | |
| Elezanumab (ABT-555), human monoclonal antibody against Repulsive Guidance Molecule A Repulsive guidance molecule A inhibitor (INHIBITOR, direct interaction) | Spinal cord injury | 12020 | Not approved |
Study counts are reported at therapy level and can differ from the number of itemised publications. Outcomes are research classifications, not treatment recommendations.