Peripheral administration of morphine attenuates postincisional pain by regulating macrophage polarization through COX-2-dependent pathway.
Model: Hindpaw plantar incision under 1.5-2.0% isoflurane: 5 mm longitudinal incision through skin and fascia starting 2 mm from the proximal edge of the heel, underlying muscle elevated with curved forceps leaving origin and insertion intact, skin apposed with a single 8-0 nylon mattress suture removed at the end of postoperative day 2
Morphine 10 ug given in the early phase attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia on postoperative days 7, 12 and 14 (F(4,245)=12.23, p<0.0001) and this was reversed by naloxone, whereas late-phase morphine had no effect (F(3,112)=0.20, p=0.89). Morphine reduced M1 macrophages (F(2,30)=22.65, p<0.0001), i…
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