Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improves alternative activation of microglia under microenvironment of spinal cord injury.
MouseSpinal cord injuryHemisection / partialFemaleSubcutaneousAdministered within the first 72 hours after spinal cord injury (acute phase)
Model: Mouse spinal cord hemisection; parallel in vitro work in BV2 microglia
G-CSF recruited microglia to the injury site during the first 72 hours, inhibited pro-inflammatory factor expression, promoted neurotrophic factor expression and favoured M2 over M1 polarisation of microglia, with NF-kappaB signalling implicated in the polarisation response.
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