THERAPY DOSSIER · th-ce37b4be11ac

Zymosan and glucan (macrophage stimulators); levamisole (immunomodulator)

Other · Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit agonist (ChEMBL mechanism on salt CHEMBL1770). Only the levamisole component resolved; zymosan and glucan are crude yeast cell-wall preparations with no ChEMBL entry.

Failed Suggest a correction

Review required. This record is flagged as borderline.

Evidence & regulatory context

Mechanism: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit agonist (ChEMBL mechanism on salt CHEMBL1770). Only the levamisole component resolved; zymosan and glucan are crude yeast cell-wall preparations with no ChEMBL entry.
Target: CHEMBL1884
Injury models: Wound
Reported indication: Levamisole formerly FDA-approved (1990) with 5-FU as adjuvant for Dukes C colon cancer; still marketed as an anthelmintic in several countries
First approval: 1990
Development stage: Colon-cancer indication withdrawn (agranulocytosis); not approved for any acute injury
ChEMBL record: CHEMBL1454 ↗
ChEMBL max phase: 4 / 4 (development scale, not regulatory approval)
Synonyms: Levamisole; Ergamisol; Ketrax; Tetramisole (S)-; R-12564
Note: Not recorded

Clinical trials 5

0 linked trials carry an injury-indication flag. These flags support record-level exploration and sit alongside the stringent aggregate counts described in Methods.

NCT00002551 ↗PHASE3completed

Postoperative 5-FU regimens incl bolus 5-FU + leucovorin + levamisole with pelvic XRT in rectal cancer

Colorectal Cancer

Enrolment: 1917 · Results not recorded

NCT02818738 ↗PHASE3completed

Levamisole for maintaining remission after first flare of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children

Steroid Sensitive Nephrotic Syndrome

Enrolment: 86 · Results not recorded

NCT00003063 ↗PHASE3unknown

Adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for colorectal cancer (interferon alfa, 5-FU, leucovorin, levamisole)

Colorectal Cancer

Enrolment: 1050 · Results not recorded

NCT06252961 ↗PHASE2/PHASE3recruiting

3- or 5-day course of levamisole 2.5 mg/kg in subjects with Loa loa microfilaremia

Loiasis

Enrolment: 99 · Results not recorded

NCT01642979 ↗PHASE2unknown

Levamisole combined with cyclosporine A in classic paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria

Enrolment: 120 · Results not recorded

Preclinical evidence 1

1 studies reported at therapy level; 1 evidence entries itemised.

PMID 6307086 ↗1983Mixed findings

Delayed wound healing in mice associated with viral alteration of macrophages.

MouseWoundMaleInstilled into full-thickness incised wounds (zymosan and glucan)

Model: Full-thickness incisional skin wounds in mice acutely or chronically infected with Sendai virus, murine hepatitis virus or murine herpes simplex virus type 1

Mice acutely and chronically infected with Sendai virus had impaired healing of incisional wounds, which was overcome by instilling zymosan and glucan into the wounds, whereas levamisole had no effect on breaking strength. Murine hepatitis virus also reduced wound tensile strength, while murine her…

Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.75. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.

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