Effects of First-Line Oral Hypoglycemics on Bone Markers in Treatment-Naive Saudi Adults With T2DM
Diabetes Type 2 · Osteoporosis
Enrolment: 111 · Results not recorded
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Drug · Mitochondrial complex I (NADH dehydrogenase) inhibitor; Mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor (both INHIBITOR)
0 linked trials carry an injury-indication flag. These flags support record-level exploration and sit alongside the stringent aggregate counts described in Methods.
Diabetes Type 2 · Osteoporosis
Enrolment: 111 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus
Enrolment: 43 · Results not recorded
PreDiabetes · Aging
Enrolment: 25 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Enrolment: 469 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Enrolment: 978 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Enrolment: 315 · Results not recorded
Aging
Enrolment: 302 · Results not recorded
Diabetes · Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Enrolment: 227 · Results not recorded
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome · Infertility · Pregnancy
Enrolment: 678 · Results not recorded
Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Enrolment: 2 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus
Enrolment: 369 · Results not recorded
Diastolic Dysfunction · Obesity
Enrolment: 80 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Enrolment: 400 · Results not recorded
PCOS
Enrolment: 88 · Results not recorded
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Enrolment: 22 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus
Enrolment: 92 · Results not recorded
Stroke
Enrolment: 50 · Results not recorded
Aging
Enrolment: 0 · Results not recorded
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Enrolment: 98 · Results not recorded
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Enrolment: 40 · Results not recorded
13 studies reported at therapy level; 13 evidence entries itemised.
Model: Whole-body 7 Gy X-ray irradiation assessed by endogenous spleen colony assay; cells irradiated at 4 Gy
Metformin elevated in vitro survival 1.3 to 1.5-fold and gave a splenic protection factor of 1.8 when given 24 hours after 7 Gy. Combination with N-acetyl-cysteine, MESNA or captopril enhanced survival 2.6, 2.8 and 2.4-fold respectively, comparable with amifostine given 30 minutes before irradiatio…
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.85. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) induced acute lung injury in vivo, isolated perfused lung ex vivo, and cultured rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in vitro
AMPK stimulation with metformin or AICAR decreased the lipopolysaccharide-induced rise in filtration coefficient and resolved oedema as shown by lower wet-to-dry ratios. shRNA knockdown of AMPK-alpha1 in capillary endothelial cells identified this isoform as responsible for the benefit, supporting…
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.65. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain
Metformin completely reversed the pain-related set-shifting deficit and restored axon initial segment length in the infralimbic cortex, gabapentin worsened the impairment in both injured and sham mice, and clonidine had no effect on set-shifting.
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.6. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Cryogenic traumatic brain injury (cTBI)
Metformin 100 mg/kg/day given day 1-14, day 1-10 or day 3-10 improved motor functional recovery and reduced infarct volume, whereas day 1-2 or day 5-12 dosing did not; extending treatment from day 5 to 2 weeks (day 5-28) restored benefit, indicating a therapeutic window of at least 5 days. Benefit…
Extraction: extract · Subtype source: rule · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.65. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, 30 minutes of cardiac ischaemia followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion, with assessment of secondary brain damage
All three metformin doses improved brain mitochondrial function, reduced microglial hyperactivation, amyloid beta and tau phosphorylation and preserved dendritic spine density after cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion.
Extraction: extract · Subtype source: rule · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.7. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion by 30 min ischaemia followed by 120 min reperfusion
Metformin did not alleviate impaired left ventricular ejection fraction, arrhythmias, infarct expansion, cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction or apoptosis, but attenuated brain mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and Alzheimer's protein levels, with microglial morphology and dendritic spine density a…
Extraction: extract · Subtype source: rule · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.85. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Acute severe traumatic brain injury in rats
Metformin at 100 and 200 mg/kg attenuated brain oedema and blood-brain barrier disruption and improved vestibulomotor function with an increased p-AMPK/AMPK ratio, and these effects were abolished by the AMPK inhibitor compound C.
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.7. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Radiation-induced acute and chronic intestinal injury in mice, with a fractionated abdominal irradiation model of HCT116 and HT29 tumour grafts
Metformin alleviated radiation-induced acute and chronic intestinal toxicity through AMPK-dependent optimisation of mitophagy, while increasing the radiosensitivity of P53-mutant colorectal tumours in vitro and in vivo.
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.5. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Bile duct ligation, the common bile duct ligated twice with 5-0 silk and cut between the ligatures, with harvest 3 days later; in vitro glycochenodeoxycholic acid treatment of primary hepatocytes
Metformin reduced bile duct ligation induced hepatic necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, necroptosis markers, chemokines and circulating TNF-alpha alongside suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, with matching protection in primary hepatocytes.
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.75. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Lipopolysaccharide induced acute respiratory distress syndrome
Metformin partially reversed pulmonary oedema, vascular exudation and neutrophil accumulation, reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced death and lowered inflammatory cytokines. In NR8383 alveolar macrophages it raised SIRT1 and lowered phosphorylated p38, ERK and NF-kB, with miR-138-5p confirmed to targ…
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.55. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Weight-drop model of traumatic brain injury
Metformin improved neurological deficit and reduced cerebral oedema and neuronal apoptosis after traumatic brain injury, inhibited microglial activation and lowered TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6, with reduced NF-kappaB p65 nuclear translocation and ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation.
Extraction: extract · Subtype source: rule · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.6. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Isoproterenol-induced acute myocardial infarction (isoproterenol 100 mg/kg/day subcutaneously on two consecutive days)
All three metformin doses attenuated isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis and fibrosis and reduced the heart to body weight ratio. Necrosis grade fell dose-dependently from 3.75 plus or minus 0.2 by 25%, 39% and 52% at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Peripheral neutrophils were reduced at all doses a…
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.92. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.
Model: Radiation-induced pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis produced by a single 18 Gy dose from a cobalt-60 gamma-ray source, assessed 80 days later
Irradiation caused acute pneumonitis with inflammatory cell infiltration, alveolar and vascular damage and mild fibrosis. Metformin, alpha-lipoic acid and resveratrol each reduced pneumonitis and radiation-induced fibrosis, although the protection was described as moderate, with the authors suggest…
Extraction: extract · Supplied extraction confidence: 0.7. Machine-extracted fields require source verification.