Evaluation of M2-like macrophage enrichment after diffuse traumatic brain injury through transient interleukin-4 expression from engineered mesenchymal stromal cells.
MouseTBIClosed-head / concussionMaleIntracranial injection into the left hippocampus150,000 cells per animal5 days post-injury
Model: Modified closed head injury model of diffuse traumatic brain injury
IL-4 MSCs produced a robust M2-like macrophage phenotype and anti-inflammatory gene expression, but this acute enrichment did not improve functional or histological outcomes or white matter integrity on MRI, and transcriptomic analysis showed inflammation persisted.
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